The results of this study can advance recognition of the hazards associated with environmental and agricultural pollution via UV filters and encourage consumers and the industry to limit or reduce the application of cosmetics and over-the-counter drugs containing these substances.Ĭucumber Electron transport Photosynthesis ROS Respiration UV filters.Ĭopyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. Because of the severe damaging effects of these UV filters on plant growth, the application of contaminated biosolids/reclaimed water in agriculture reduces agricultural production and may damage ecosystems. On the basis of comprehensive evaluation, we speculated that the order of the four UV filters in terms of plant damage was OBZ > AVB > OMC > OCR. Mineral sunscreens use zinc oxide and/or titanium dioxide. These products typically include a combination of two to six of these active ingredients: oxybenzone, avobenzone, octisalate, octocrylene, homosalate and octinoxate. The study also demonstrated that these four UV filters caused different degrees of phototoxic damage to cucumber plants. The most common sunscreens on the market contain chemical filters. Sunblock/UV Filter The role of UV filter sunscreens is to protect the skin by reflecting UV rays like a mirror. There are some similarities and differences between them. Photosynthesis and respiration inhibition led to the over production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the formation of lipid peroxidation damage products, which further damaged the structure and function of plant cells, causing secondary pathologies and potentially leading to reduced crop yields. Types of sunscreens There are generally 2 types of sunscreens, the first one being Sunblock/UV filter and the second one being Sunscreen/UV absorber. Additionally, these four UV filters also decreased plant respiration under long-term treatment. Only OBZ inhibited photosynthesis by directly inhibiting photosynthetic electron transport, while the other three (AVB, OCR, and OMC) inhibited photosynthesis by inhibiting the Calvin-Benson cycle. All of the UV filters decreased photosynthesis through nonstomatal factors but via different inhibitory mechanisms. In this study, we demonstrated that irrigation with water containing these four UV filters could significantly inhibit the aboveground growth of cucumber plant. Ingredients not frequently used in the U.S. Ingredients commonly used in the U.S.: Ensulizole, octisalate, homosalate, octocrylene, octinoxate, oxybenzone, avobenzone. When you use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher and water resistance, it can. This type of radiation is present all day long, and penetrates. Sunscreen plays a key role in protecting your skin from the sun. However, systematic studies of the damage caused by these four UV filters and their toxicopathological differences in a variety of plant species are lacking. Avobenzone is a synthetic sunscreen ingredient that provides sun protection in the UVA range. These UV filters are known to widely contaminate the environment through a variety of anthropogenic sources, including sewage discharge. Oxybenzone (OBZ), avobenzone (AVB), octocrylene (OCR) and octinoxate (OMC) are ultraviolet (UV) filters commonly added to chemical sunscreens.
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